Transformational Learning Essay - 1027 Words

Transformational Learning Transformational learning is a philosophy of change. It identifies people why change is necessary, what benefits will be accrued by changing, how to change, and most importantly, how to incorporate and embrace change in education. The study of transformational learning emerged with the work of Jack Mezirow (1981, 1994, 1997). Transformational learning is defined as learning that induces more far-reaching change in the learner than other kinds of learning, especially learning experiences which shape the learner and produce a significant impact, or paradigm shift, which affects the learners subsequent experiences (Clark, 1993). Numerous authors have published papers on various aspects of†¦show more content†¦Meaning perspectives naturally change and evolve in response to life experiences, especially those which induce powerful emotional responses in the individual. Often these life-changing events are personal crises such as divorce, death of a loved one, natural or man-made disasters and accidents, health crisis, financial upheaval, or unexpected job changes. It is these meaning perspectives which Mezirow saw as the raw material of the changes that occur in transformational learning. Mezirow (1997) further states that we do not make transformative changes in the way we learn as long as the new material fits comfortably in our existing frames of reference. Three common themes characterized Mezirows theory of the mechanism of transformational learning in the classroom. These were experience, critical reflection, and rational discourse. The students life experiences provided a starting point for transformational learning (Mezirow, 1991). Mezirow considered critical reflection to be the distinguishing characteristic of adult learning, and saw it as the vehicle by which one questions the validity of his world-view. He identified rational discourse as a catalyst for transformation, as it induced the various participants to explore the depth and meaning of th eir various world-views, and articulate those ideas to their instructor and class mates. Mezirow (1997) emphasizes that transformative learning is rooted in the way human beings communicate, and does not link itShow MoreRelatedTransformative Learning : Transformational Learning1585 Words   |  7 PagesJoseph Cardello May 13, 2015 Learning paper Draft Dr. Franklin Tuner Kean University Transformative learning overview Thinking is something we all do on a regular basis. The process of using our minds to create ideas make all of our decisions or to remember our earlier experiences. Our minds are complicated structures that we have yet to understand. One man has a theory of learning as an adult and his name is Jack Mezirow. Mezirow was concerned in adulthood learning and began to interpret hisRead MoreLearning Theory : Transformational Learning916 Words   |  4 Pages(1991) describes Transformational Learning as â€Å"an attempt to redress an apparent oversight in adult learning theory that has resulted from a failure to recognize the central roles played by an individual’s acquired frame of reference, through which meaning is construed and all learning takes place, and by the transformations of these habits of during the learning process† (p. 4). In correlation to leadership, based upon experience and acquired knowledge, transformative learning is part a systemRead MoreTransformat ional Learning Within The Student Athlete2596 Words   |  11 PagesRecent studies have demonstrated the powerful impact of transformational learning on feelings of cynicism among college students (Duarte, 2010). Transformational learning within the student-athlete population has not been empirically studied, although the potential benefits are enormous as student-athletes have been found to experience feelings of cynicism throughout their collegiate careers, despite initial feelings of optimism (Adler Adler, 1985). The commercialized nature of intercollegiateRead MoreTransformational Learning Theory of Adult Education Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesTransformational Learning Theory of Adult Education Introduction Transformational learning is a relatively new and thoroughly modern yet evolving learning theory, with timeless implications for the educator. Developed initially by Jack Mezirow, it is a theory that involves, at its core, a shift in beliefs, deep self reflection and a discourse of that reflection. This constructivist-based process of making sense of the world is in stark contrast to simply acquiring knowledge. Most assume that TransformationalRead MoreTransformational Learning : Transformative Learning1835 Words   |  8 PagesTransformative Learning Following the ONE Decision seminar, a transformative learning shift resonated with me. Jack Mezirow, professor and leading Transformative Learning thinker describes, â€Å"Transformative learning refers to the process by which we transform our taken-for-granted frames of reference (meaning perspectives, habits of mind, mind-sets) to make them more inclusive, discriminating, open, emotionally capable of change, and reflective so that they may generate beliefs and opinions thatRead MoreFour Stages of the Transformational Learning Process959 Words   |  4 PagesTransformational Change Describe the four stages of the transformational learning process, using the textbook as a source. The text provides a pragmatic, practical definition of the four stages of the transformational learning process, including how this process can be iteratively used to create long-term change both in a persons life and in organizations. Each of the four stages when linked together form an ecosystem that continually delivers insights into how an individual and organizationRead MoreEssay about Transformational Leadership in School Learning Environments1660 Words   |  7 Pagescollective participants are encouraged to learn regardless of mistakes and measurement is achieved across both financial and non-financial measures (Hitt 1995, p.18). This is what Hitt (1995) refers to as a learning organisation; one that embraces changes and creates achievement from their planned learning and cooperative approach (du Plessis, du Plessis Millett 1999). Schools had previously looked at change as individual at the classroom level, but now the changes are at the school or organisationalRead MoreMy Use of Transformational Learning: Going Back to School Essays473 Words   |  2 PagesTransformational Learning consist of four stages which are, â€Å"recognizing a significant problem; confronting it intensely; finding a solution; and integrating a new prospective† (R-Model, 2010, p.115). When making any major life transition you will probably use transformational learning. You will first recognize that there is a problem or that there is something in your life that you would like to change. Second, you will need to confront the problem. You will need to do so with great intensityRead MoreLeadership Theories: Learning About Transformational Leadership and Authentic Leadership1470 Words   |  6 Pages However, using the Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ) during the hiring/promotion process could help identify personnel who c urrently have those traits. I fully believe that leadership traits can be developed over time through experience and learning. With the complexities and advance nature of the human brain, it is how people are developed through life that makes them into effective leaders; it is nurture, not nature. However, most organizations are looking to hire leaders who have alreadyRead MoreThe Transformative Learning Project At A New York City Community College1084 Words   |  5 PagesIn Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, college students participate in a service learning project to earn college credits at a New York City community college. During this international service learning opportunity, students perform service work and conduct research to examine and address health and social problems in resource-poor communities. Students design and implement health education skits and workshops, conduct health assessments in local neighborhoods, and work at the local hospital. Program requirements

An Analysis of Harriet Byrd From The Natural Essay example

In movies there is always a villain or bad guy to ruin someone’s life or career. The only reason why they go after that person is because of jealously, money, or hatred. It is not always easy for villains or temptresses to get their targets, so they have to come up with clever ideas to lure their victims in. In the movie The Natural Harriet Byrd’s killing spree started off as jealously towards people who are very experienced in what they do and only want fame and fortune from it. When Harriet sees how much potential Roy Hobbs has in playing baseball, she then tries figures out what he wants from his extraordinary talent making him her next victim due to his answer. Evidence that exemplifies Harriet as the seducer is when she first†¦show more content†¦Some characteristics that prove Harriet as a dark person is when she is always in dimmed to dark lighting, and never showing all of her face. Harriet’s whole persona is edgy and unusual, so for a first impression she should make you quite aware what kind of person she is and leave you with your guard up. Another scene that shows Harriet’s seductive ways is when she and Roy are talking in the dining car on the train. Harriet first approaches him late one night when she sees Roy sitting alone, and the train is going through a dark tunnel which causes the car to become dark with dim flickering lights. She then invites herself to joining him at his table, and starts asking questions focused on him. One question that Harriet asked was â€Å"what do you want from being a baseball player† and when Roy replied â€Å"to be the best there ever was and will be† she was not satisfied with his answer and asked confused â€Å"is that it?† finally trying to settle with his answer. From that point on we start to realize how Harriet is having mixed feelings with Roy when they are about to kiss, but a second later when there lips are about to touch she disappears into the dark. An example that gives an even deeper look into Harriet’s archetypal character is when Roy is finally at his hotel. A mysterious thing Harriet did was when she called Roy’s room and then told him to come up to her room. But since Roy didn’t see anything wrong with that at the time he went on up to her room without a second

Legal Process for Prohibited Groups Act-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLegal Process for Prohibited Groups Act. Answer: Issue According to the case study the issue has been arises whether Wendy, Travis and Linda has committed any offence under the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017 or not? Rules As per the case study Linda, Travis and Wendy want to take initial steps against meat industry and cruelty towards the animals. The Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Bill has been passed recently in 2017 which has been formed by the Commonwealth government for dealing with threat of terrorism under some specific legislation[1]. Therefore the government has added that Australian society has been threatened and under the fear of terrorism. Therefore this bill helps to apply the strong legal sanctions against any kind of violence or Anti Social activities or the groups who try to pursue their goals through the violent activities towards the citizenship of Australia. The legislation has been formed with serious penalties where it affect the Australian citizen for attacking on create any violence towards them. The application of this Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Bill 2017 will help to prevent such attacks on the Australian people and the government also[2]. It also helps to keep th e Australian people safe and stop extremist violence towards the citizens by the terrorist. The act has been also mention to help the Australian people from every injury, death or harm by the prohibited groups who are involved in the threatening or any violence towards them[3]. The section 3 of the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017 has been stated the commission of a terrorist act where it has legislated that any person who is a member of a prohibited group or whilst to be a member of under the prohibited group and if he has involves with any terrorist act and found guilty of any such violence offences then he will be charged of guilty under the section. The Australian government has set up to 10 years of imprisonment for the guilty of the offence of any violence activities towards the Australian citizens. The Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017 has stated the supply of terrorist group in the Section 4 in this act. This section has described that any person who will be found to supply any weapons or dangerous goods to any member of a terrorist group will found guilty of an offence under this section. It will also define the threats towards the Australian people for committing and terrorist act. If any person found guilty of any offences under Section 4 then the court may provide penalty of $10,000 or up to 1 year of imprisonment[4]. The Section 5 of Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act Bill has legislates the act of promoting terrorist activities. It defines that if any person found to form, join and distribute any information on behalf of or promotes the activities of a group of terrorist then he will found guilty of an offence under the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017[5]. Therefore there is no right of any terrorist activated group not to involve any person or provoked to enter in such terrorist activities and must not distribute any information which explain any violence activities towards the Australian citizens. Then it will be treated as an offence under section 5 of Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017. If any person has found guilty of the offence of promoting terrorist activities under Section 5 of Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017 then the court may order for penalties of up to 18 months of imprisonment of that offender who has committed that effects of promoting terroris t activities[6]. Application The fact of the case study is Wendy and Travis has decided to be a vegan after watching a gruesome documentary about the meat industry and became emotional for the cruelty on the animals in the meat industry[7]. They decided to protest and take actions against such cruelty on the animals and tried to record the sound of animals in a local abattoir. Every day they watched the arrival of the trucks which carries animals for the meat and animal products. After some days they again decided to take some initiative steps towards the protest against the cruelty to the animals[8]. Therefore they send messages to their friends from social media but only one person Linda has make the responses to them in their plan. After that they made a plan where they used some bolt cutters for cutting a hole into the wire fence and used an oxyacetylene welder to burn the lock off the front door and then set up a camera inside it for watching what happens with the animals of the meat industry inside the loc al abattoir[9]. The details they have found which has been also live streamed through a channel which showed an extreme instances of cruelty towards the animals which are using for the meat and anima products make the media outrage and criminal charges against the owner. However, the Federal police has go through the case and decided to charge Wendy under section 3 and 5, Travis has been charged under section of 5 and Linda has been charged under section of 4 and 5 according to the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act 2017[10]. Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act or Bill has been introduced under the Commonwealth Government for providing the safety from any terrorism activities or any harm or any injuries to the Australian Citizen[11]. Here according to the case facts Wendy has been charged under the Section 3 and 5 under the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act where section 3 defines the commission of a terrorist act where it has legislated that any person who is a member of a prohibited group or whilst to be a member of under the prohibited group and if he has found the involvements with any terrorist act and found guilty of any such violence offences then he will be charged of guilty under the section[12]. The Australian government has set up to 10 years of imprisonment for the guilty of the offence of any violence activities towards the Australian citizens. The section 5 defines if any person has found guilty of the offence of promoting terrorist activities under Section 5 of prohibited groups and terrorism act 2017 then the court may order for penalties of up to 18 months of imprisonment of that offender who has committed that effects of promoting terrorist activities. It also defines that if any person fou nd to form join and distribute any information on behalf of or promos the activities of a group of terrorist then he will found guilty of an offence under the prohibited groups anti-terrorism act 2017[13]. Wendy has been charged with section 3 of Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act because she has carried the whole plan of the live streaming of video in the local abattoir where it has involved with the cruelty with the animals. She has made an offence. The section 5 has been charged due to the promoting of such activities in the social media where it promotes the violence activities and distribution of the information[14]. Travis has been charged with the offences under the section 5 of Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act which has defined the act of promoting terrorist activities. It defines that if any person found to form join and distribute any information on behalf of or promotes the activities of a group of terrorist then he will found guilty of an offence under the prohibited groups anti-terrorism act 2017. [15]Therefore there is no right of any terrorist activated group not to involve any person or provoked to enter in such terrorist activities and must not distribute any information which explain any violence activities towards the Australian citizens then it will be treated as an offence under section 5 of prohibited groups anti-terrorism act 2017. If any person has found guilty of the offence of promoting terrorist activities under Section 5 of prohibited groups and terrorism act 2017 when the court can give order for penalties of up to 18 months of imprisonment of that offender who has c ommitted that effects of promoting terrorist activities. Travis has been charged with the section 5 of the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act because he has found to inform his social Medias friends their protest against the cruelty towards the animals which are uses in the meat and animal products. He also found to involvements in the live streaming videos about the cruelty of animals[16]. Linda has been charged under the Section 4 and 5 under the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act where section 4 has legislates the supply of terrorist group in this act. This section has described that any person who will be found to supply any weapons or dangerous goods to any member of a terrorist go will found guilty of an offence under this section. It will also define the threats towards the Australian people for committing and terrorist act. If any person found guilty of any offences under Section 4 then the court may provide penalty of $10,000 or up to 1 year of imprisonment[17]. Linda has been charged with the section 4 Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act as she worked at a hardware store and so she bought the bolt cutters and the welder and gave them to Wendy on the night. Therefore according to the legislation she has found to supply weapons or dangerous goods to Wendy for application their protest plans against the cruelty towards the animals[18]. She has been also charged with the section 5 of the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act because she also found to involvements in the live streaming videos about the cruelty of animals which has been occur in a local abattoir where animals are suffering from extreme cruelty as because they are using in the meat and animal products[19]. The section 5 of Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act has describe the the act of promoting terrorist activities. It defines that if any person found to form join and distribute any information on behalf of or promos the activities of a group of terrorist then he will found guilty of an offence under the prohibited groups anti-terrorism act 2017. Therefore there is no right of any terrorist activated group not to involve any person or provoked to enter in such terrorist activities and must not distribute any information which explain any violence activities towards the Australian citizens then it will be treated as an offence under section 5 of prohibited groups anti-terrorism act 2017. If any person has found guilty of the offence of promoting terrorist activities under Section 5 of prohibited groups and terrorism act 2017 then the court may order for penalties of up to 18 months of imprisonment of that offender who has committed that effects of promoting terrorist activities[20]. Therefore according to the facts of the case all of them Wendy, Travis and Linda have felt very strongly that it is morally wrong for people to eat meat and animal products but as per the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act they did all the activities illegally which brought them legal notices for the offences. They could use the facts and reasons for their activities as a defense where they can state that they did the acts for the morality and they do not have any intention to create any harm or injury to any person. The act of good faith may reduce their penalties for those offences which has been they did under the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act[21]. Conclusion As per the case facts for the involvement with several illegal activities under the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act the section 3 has provided the penalties up to 10 years of imprisonment, section 4 legislates the $10000 fine or up to 1 year imprisonment and section 5 legislates the imprisonment up to 18 months for the offenders. If Wendy, Travis and Linda has found guilty with the offences under the section 3,4 and 5 of the Prohibited Groups (Anti-Terrorism) Act they could be fined with penalties or have imprisonments for their offences of terrorism activities to the local abattoir where it runs a business of meat and animal products[22]. Reference Ananian-Welsh, Rebecca, and George Williams. "The new terrorists: The normalisation and spread of anti-terror laws in Australia." Melb. UL Rev. 38 (2014): 362. Awan, Imran, and Brian Blakemore, eds. Extremism, Counter-terrorism and Policing. Routledge, 2016. Beckman, James. Comparative legal approaches to homeland security and anti-terrorism. Routledge, 2016. Hosen, Nadirsyah. "Law, religion and security." Routledge Handbook of Law and Religion (2015): 337. Lynch, Andrew, Nicola McGarrity, and George Williams. Inside Australia's anti-terrorism laws and trials. NewSouth, 2015. Sarre, Rick. "Metadata Retention as a Means of Combatting Terrorism and Organised Crime: A Perspective from Australia." Asian Journal of Criminology 12.3 (2017): 167-179. Saul, Ben. "Minorities and Counter-Terrorism Law." (2017). Williams, George. "Anti-terrorism laws and human rights." Rev. Const. Stud. 19 (2014): 127.

Leadership Bob Shallenberger and John Cavanagh

Bob and John are exercising leadership in various ways. First of all, they have a vision for their organisation and they have exchanged this purpose with their people. Employees are aware that the company wants to be recognised as the top green builder in the country so they will contribute towards this shared vision.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Leadership: Bob Shallenberger and John Cavanagh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, leadership can be seen through the fact that Shallenberger and Cavanagh have energized their people. They are passionate about their business and have passed on this energy to others in the organisation. This is an action that all leaders have to engage in. Furthermore, leadership has been exercised through the act of working with people well to produce remarkable results at the end. It appears as though they are actually partnering with their employees rather than merely givin g them orders on what to do or how to go about it (Dubrin, 2010). As they attract cool people to work with them, these two entrepreneurs are exercising the role of persuasion. In other words, they have managed to illustrate to the applicants that the company has the potential to provide them with the most conducive workplace environment. It seems as though the would-be employees have seen the supportive environment that they are likely to find here than elsewhere. Also, the leadership role of guiding could be another important factor. If already existing employees are treated with mutual respect rather than being ordered around then they are likely to stick to the company and maybe even spread the word that the firm is a great place to work. This would cause even more cool people to be attracted to it because they would be rest assured that there are going to find what they are really looking for (Dubrin, 2010). Cool people are likely to be keep working for Highland Homes because th e owners are passionate about what they do. Instead of merely taking a businesslike and boring approach to everything, Shallenberger and Cavanagh believe in doing everything passionately. This inclination is going to rub off on everyone else as the latter will not just be thinking of their workplaces as just any other job.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, these two business owners have used very creative ways of handling business. For instance, they have the stereo, CD player etc that are typical in all their homes. Cool people are likely to want to work for people who continuously look for creative ways of doing business. Also, as opposed to being highly bossy, the employees of Highland Homes are going to stay on because they will find that their employers are very inspiring. They will be motivated to keep reaching their potential and this will definitely keep them there (Dubrin, 2010). In order to be the top green residential builder in the US, Shallenberger and Cavanagh may need to cultivate great interpersonal skills within themselves so as to maintain a close association with the team working for them. This will cause them to possess joint accountability and decision making ability. A case in point was Roadway management which spread leadership to lower levels. This ensured that everyone played a part in the success of the firm and eventually contributed towards the realisation of huge profits. Essentially, what this implies is that once responsibilities are shared then the likelihood of attaining common goals is going to increase. They must motivate their people to want to work harder so that Highland Homes can outsmart or outdo their competitors. People who are driven by passion rather than rules are likely to put in more and their results would speak for themselves (Dubrin, 2010). Reference Dubrin, A. J. (2010). Leadership: Re search Findings, Practice, Skills (6th ed.). Rochester Institute of Technology This coursework on Leadership: Bob Shallenberger and John Cavanagh was written and submitted by user Ahmad Mann to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Peace And Love

Some people believe Humanity can have Utopia now. They believe Humanity has everything necessary for a Utopia, and that humans just have to better utilize what they have now and enjoy the same. The World Game Institute has prepared the most comprehensive statement of this position and posted the same at worldgame.org/wwwproject/index.shtml. The Institute has identified various programs and policies that could provide for food, water, shelter, health care, energy and education for every person in the world, while eliminating all major environmental problems. Without a solution, more than 800 million people will remain malnourished, large segments of the population will continue to suffer from preventable diseases, and over 40 million people will die each year from starvation or preventable diseases. Additionally, plant and animal extinction, deforestation, soil erosion, ozone depletion, and other major environmental problems will continue. The combined total cost of implementing corre ctive programs is 30% of the world's total annual military expenditures, or 234 billion dollars. Society's bystanding at this mass human slaughter because of improper use of available resources constitutes complicity in murder. If one is not convinced of the imperative need to solve such problems for humanitarian reasons, then it should be noted that the resulting benefits of an overall enhanced quality of life, increased global productivity, and environmental preservation, clearly exceed the costs of these programs. Being in tune with ourselves and nature, and wisely using our current resources is an excellent start for having a better world. Life is full of wonder and beauty and should be cherished and enjoyed by everyone. However, Humanity can, and should, do better, such as finding cures for all disease.... Free Essays on Peace And Love Free Essays on Peace And Love Some people believe Humanity can have Utopia now. They believe Humanity has everything necessary for a Utopia, and that humans just have to better utilize what they have now and enjoy the same. The World Game Institute has prepared the most comprehensive statement of this position and posted the same at worldgame.org/wwwproject/index.shtml. The Institute has identified various programs and policies that could provide for food, water, shelter, health care, energy and education for every person in the world, while eliminating all major environmental problems. Without a solution, more than 800 million people will remain malnourished, large segments of the population will continue to suffer from preventable diseases, and over 40 million people will die each year from starvation or preventable diseases. Additionally, plant and animal extinction, deforestation, soil erosion, ozone depletion, and other major environmental problems will continue. The combined total cost of implementing corre ctive programs is 30% of the world's total annual military expenditures, or 234 billion dollars. Society's bystanding at this mass human slaughter because of improper use of available resources constitutes complicity in murder. If one is not convinced of the imperative need to solve such problems for humanitarian reasons, then it should be noted that the resulting benefits of an overall enhanced quality of life, increased global productivity, and environmental preservation, clearly exceed the costs of these programs. Being in tune with ourselves and nature, and wisely using our current resources is an excellent start for having a better world. Life is full of wonder and beauty and should be cherished and enjoyed by everyone. However, Humanity can, and should, do better, such as finding cures for all disease....

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster At 11:38 a.m. on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. As the world watched on TV, the Challenger soared into the sky and then, shockingly, exploded just 73 seconds after take-off. All seven members of the crew, including social studies teacher Sharon Christa McAuliffe, died in the disaster. An investigation of the accident discovered that the O-rings of the right solid rocket booster had malfunctioned. Crew of the Challenger Christa McAuliffe (Teacher in Space)Dick Scobee (Commander)Mike Smith (Pilot)Ron McNair (Mission Specialist)Judy Resnik (Mission Specialist)Ellison Onizuka (Mission Specialist)Gregory Jarvis (Payload Specialist) Should the Challenger Have Launched? Around 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, in Florida, the seven crew members of the Space Shuttle Challenger were already strapped into their seats. Though they were ready to go, NASA officials were busy deciding whether it was safe enough to launch that day. It had been extremely cold the night before, causing icicles to form under the launch pad. By morning, temperatures were still only 32 ° F. If the shuttle launched that day, it would the coldest day of any shuttle launch. Safety was a huge concern, but NASA officials were also under pressure to get the shuttle into orbit quickly. Weather and malfunctions had already caused many postponements from the original launch date, January 22. If the shuttle didnt launch by February 1, some of the science experiments and business arrangements regarding the satellite would be jeopardized. Plus, millions of people, especially students across the U.S., were waiting and watching for this particular mission to launch. A Teacher on Board Among the crew on board the Challenger that morning was Sharon Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe, a social studies teacher at Concord High School in New Hampshire, had been chosen from 11,000 applicants to participate in the Teacher in Space Project. President Ronald Reagan created this project in August 1984 in an effort to increase public interest in the U.S. space program. The teacher chosen would become the first private citizen in space. A teacher, a wife, and a mother of two, McAuliffe represented the average, good-natured citizen. She became the face of NASA for nearly a year before the launch, and the public adored her. The Launch A little after 11:00 a.m. on that cold morning, NASA told the crew that launch was a go. At 11:38 a.m., the Space Shuttle Challenger launched from Pad 39-B at the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. At first, everything seemed to go well. However, 73 seconds after lift-off, Mission Control heard Pilot Mike Smith say, Uh oh! Then people at Mission Control, observers on the ground, and millions of children and adults across the nation watched as the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded. The nation was shocked. To this day, many remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard that the Challenger had exploded. It remains a defining moment in the 20th century. Search and Recovery An hour after the explosion, search and recovery planes and ships searched for survivors and wreckage. Though some pieces of the shuttle floated on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, much of it had sunken to the bottom. No survivors were found.  On January 31, 1986, three days after the disaster, a memorial service was held for the fallen heroes. What Went Wrong? Everyone wanted to know what had gone wrong. On February 3, 1986, President Reagan established the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Former Secretary of State William Rogers chaired the commission, whose members included Sally Ride, Neil Armstrong, and Chuck Yeager. The Rogers Commission carefully studied pictures, video, and debris from the accident. The Commission determined that the accident was caused by a failure in the O-rings of the right solid rocket booster. O-rings sealed the pieces of the rocket booster together. From multiple uses and especially because of the extreme cold on that day, an O-ring on the right rocket booster had become brittle. Once launched, the weak O-ring allowed fire to escape from the rocket booster. The fire melted a support beam that held the booster in place. The booster, then mobile, hit the fuel tank, causing the explosion. Upon further research, it was determined that there had been multiple, unheeded warnings about the potential problems with the O-rings. The Crew Cabin On March 8, 1986, just over five weeks after the explosion, a search team found the crew cabin; it had not been destroyed in the explosion. The bodies of all seven crew members were found, still strapped into their seats. Autopsies were done but exact cause of death was inconclusive. It is believed that at least some of the crew survived the explosion, since three of four emergency air packs found had been deployed. After the explosion, the crew cabin fell over 50,000 feet and hit the water at approximately 200 miles per hour. No one could have survived the impact.

Usability Tests and Heuristic Evaluations in Assessing Prototypes of Essay

Usability Tests and Heuristic Evaluations in Assessing Prototypes of Interface Designs - Essay Example Effectiveness is described as the degree of consistency that a product will behave as expected. It is also the measure the degree of ease users experience in using the product. Learnability refers to the ability of the user to operate the system with a definite degree of competence after a certain amount of training. It also refers to likelihood that users who have not used the system for a period of time will be able to relearn how to operate it. Satisfaction includes a user’s feelings, perceptions, and opinion about the system. Information is usually collected through written and oral means (Rubin & Chisnell 2008). Finally, accessibility involves the capability of the system to allow persons with disabilities to perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with it. In performing usability tests, two basic principles should always be remembered: (1) a designer’s perception on the system design is different from the target audience; and (2) it is better to conduct multi ple tests with a few users rather than running a single test with a large number of users. Usability tests usually involve either getting an audience evaluation of the system or having a usability design expert perform a heuristic evaluation of the program. One drawback of heuristic evaluation is that the expert reviewer may not share the same perception as the target users or may identify errors that target users do not consider as problems. In contrast, an audience evaluation of the system is a credible representation of a real-world user’s needs and perceptions of the system... of determining the ideal number of users to comprise a usability test group, the following guidelines are recommended: (1) too few users yield inferior results since the users may not be able to identify most of the problems; and (2) too many users would increase the chance that most users would identify the same problem and reduces the chances that the users will be able to identify less obvious errors (Silver 2005). There are four types of usability tests which a developer may choose from depending on the situation: (1) exploratory; (2) assessment; (3) evaluation; and (4) comparison. Exploratory testing is usually performed in the early part of the design stage. It has to primary objectives. First, to verify of the functions selected to be used in the system are useful and appropriate for the user. Second, to determine the degree as to which the system design matches the user’s mental model of the system. A mental model is described as a user’s assumptions and expecta tions regarding how certain tasks are accomplished (Silver, 2005). One important feature of an exploratory test is the high degree of freedom a developer can attain in developing early designs of the system. By using tools such as paper screens and system prototypes with limited functionalities, the developer can collect important information and feedback from the users. This allows the developer to determine if the initial design matches user perception of the system. In addition, exploratory tests enable developers to detect serious flaws in the design before a mode concrete plan of the system is created (Rubin & Chisnell, 2008). In an exploratory test, a moderator may provide the user with screenshots of the system and ask if all the types of information or functions that the user expected to be

Defining terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Defining terrorism - Essay Example The simplest definition of terrorism is the following one: â€Å"Terrorism is the use of violence or force, or the threat of such, directed upon innocents, civilians, or noncombatants, in order to achieve political objectives† (Thackrah 2004, p. 18). There is a vivid discussion about the fact whether to justify terrorism or not. Some academicians and scientists underline that it is impossible to justify the essence of terrorism. In the very essence terrorism is unjust and illegitimate. Nevertheless, this assumption is rather emotional and it is relevant to consider this phenomenon from moral perspective. Thus, there is no moral background for the governments to sponsor terrorists, but they really do that. There is nothing more than intimidation of people in the name of reaching the goals of a group of people or the whole nation–this is the way terrorists are perceived by many states. Media positions terrorist acts as if they stem from political grievances, though the es sence of these actions can be rooted not in political concerns, but rather in religious or social issues. The US Department of Defence defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological† (Thackrah 2004, p. 32). Intimidation, fear and violence are three basic pillars of terrorism. The government’s reaction to terrorist acts has been always developed in accordance with the essence of the main goals of terrorists. For example, one of the most scaring acts of terrorism committed by the Black September Organization in October 1983, when 241 U.S. military personnel were killed and many people were wounded. In reality, the main target of their terrorist actions was the whole American nation and the Congress. The government withdrew the Marines from Beirut and this factor w as rather impressive for terrorists and they considered it to be success. First ad foremost concern for different governments should be focused on the fact that terrorists position themselves not as the servants of the Devil or evil, but they position themselves as fighters for freedom and their rights. They are interested in promoting liberating images or images, â€Å"supporting† public interests. In other words, one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter (Burkoff 2005, p.49). In accordance with modern researches and studies, definitions of terrorism are developed in different terms. Thus, Schmidt and Youngman refer to 109 different definitions of terrorism, where three equal words were present: violence, force; political; fear (Boaz). Generally speaking, terrorism is considered at international level, because the targets of terrorist attacks can be found in different countries. There is a very thin boundary between terrorism and crime. Thus, for exa mple, political motivation of terrorism cannot be denied and it is often positioned as the first and foremost underpinning for terrorist acts commitment. It can be defined as â€Å"politically motivated attacks on non-combatant targets† (Fields, 2001). The activities of terrorist organizations are often described with the use of such concepts, as â€Å"

Emancipation Proclamation and it’s Impact Essay Example for Free

Emancipation Proclamation and it’s Impact Essay The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863 as the nation approached its third year of civil war (â€Å"The Emancipation Proclamation†). This proclamation was a significant step towards the objective of ending slavery and making African Americans equal citizens of the United States. The context of the proclamation declared that â€Å"that all persons held as slaves â€Å"within the rebellious states â€Å"are, and henceforward shall be free†. The proclamation became a significant road to slavery’s final destruction and became one of the initial inspirations for human freedom. The proclamation though the intention was good has many underlying aspects to be noted. The application of the proclamation was â€Å"limited only to those parts of North America which were under the control of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America† (â€Å"Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation†). President Lincoln had no power to liberate slaves generally because such act during that time would have been unlawful or unconstitutional. He could only issue such only from his capacity as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy and as a necessary war measure (Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation†). However despite the limitations, the proclamation of liberty had tremendous effects that possibly help shaped America. Although the practical effects of the proclamation was only limited to some areas â€Å"it did serve as an important symbol that the North now intended not only to preserve the Union but also to abolish the practice of slavery† (Emancipation Proclamation Further Readings). The success of the proclamation after the Civil War motivated Lincoln to completely support the liberation of the African American black people. This paved the way for the proposal of the Republican Party 1864 that calls for the gradual abolition of slavery by constitutional amendment. The proclamation also prevented Europe from supporting the Confederacy and encouraged enlistment of black soldiers, as a result, the North America towards slavery in Civil War was defeated (The Emancipation Proclamation: The Document that Saved America). The end of Civil War definitely reunited the rebellious states of United States with the Union which also made America a very big nation and eventually powerful country. The Proclamation gave joy and hope to millions of black people who was been enslaved by the Southern United States Americans. The Civil War from 1861- 1865 between Northern Defenders of the Union and the Southern members of the Confederacy (the name for the states that had separated themselves from the United States to form their own country in a bloody conflict) changed the focus of the war from â€Å"the rights of the individual states† to freeing the slaves (â€Å"Slaverys End Brings Both Joy and Confusion†). Civil War after the Emancipation was already about freedom. When the Civil War ended, the emancipation of blacks though left the White Southerners to be bitter and angry who can not yet fully accept that the slaves’ unpaid labour will be ended. Being defeated by the Southern members of the Confederacy, Northern whites felt that it is impossible for them to rebuild their shattered life without the blacks. The multitude of negative emotions felt by them highlights and manifests the racist attitude of Northern European descent. Blacks, after the Proclamation of Emancipation and eventually after the Civil War, learned that it is not true that they came from inferior race. And that it is not true that they are simply properties and they also realized that they became a victim of slavery because of ignorance. As free and learned men, they no longer had to put up with the brutalities they experienced and endured as slaves. The end of slavery gave them the opportunity to re-establish their identity, their individuality and their society. The Proclamation also became effective social awakening about slavery and human freedom. It illustrates that human beings of different culture, sexes, religion and races are created equal. The Emancipation Proclamation brought about great changes in the American society. The awareness of black’s slavery inspired literature, arts, music and films about freedom and liberty. Affirmative action, freedom of religion and the establishment of different organizations and groups that support the black community inspired its growth. Not only did the world focuses on the United States from then on in regards to slavery but the world started to open their eyes about the different existing slaveries, example Apartheid in Africa during early 20th century. Work Cited Page: THe Emancipation Proclamation. Feartured Documents. The National Archives. U. S. National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, US http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/ Lincols Emancipation Proclamation. Fighting Salvery Today. Anti Slavery Society Boston. 2008 November 09 http://www. anti-slaverysociety. addr. com/index. htm Slaverys End Brings both Joy and Confusion. Emancipation Proclamation Summary. Boog Rags. Glam Publisher Network. http://www. bookrags. com/research/slaverys-end-brings-both-joy-and-co-rerl-01/ Emancipation Proclamation Further Readings. American Law Encyclopedia Vol 4. Law Library American Law and Legal Information. Net Industries. 2008 http://law. jrank. org/pages/6410/Emancipation-Proclamation. html The Emancipation Proclamation: THe Document that SAved America. A Journal for the Lincoln Collecter. The Rail Splitter 1998 http://www. railsplitter. com/sale10/boker. html

The Transformation of a King Essay -- Literary Analysis

Debatable is the story of Prince Hal and how he undergoes a transformation so infinite we may have difficulty comprehending the struggles he endured. Throughout the course of events in Henry IV, Part I, By William Shakespeare, first impressions of the characters are depicted and remain strong during most of the play. From the beginning of the play it is understood that Hal is an immature extrovert who sees no need for careful behaviors. Unlike his father, King Henry IV, Hal puts forth insufficient effort to prove he can hold the power that will eventually be his when he succeeds his father in the throne. Throughout the play there is controversy between the King and Hal as a direct result of Hal’s performance as a Prince. From gallivanting in the tavern, to fighting in the battle of Shrewsbury, Hal becomes the son that King Henry has been pressuring him to be all along. The father/son relationship is a significant theme in this play, alongside Prince Hal’s other relationships with important male figures such as Hotspur and Falstaff. Falstaff is one of the favorites of this play, rather obvious that he is the brunt of a multitude of jokes; somehow maintains certain poise. On the other hand, we have Hotspur, a talented and brave young man the King wishes were his son: â€Å"That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged/ In cradle-clothes our children where they lay/ And called mine â€Å"Percy,† his â€Å"Plantagenet†!/ Then would I have his Harry, and he mine† (1.1.86-89). Both Hotspur and Hal are the intended future leaders of their country, but Hal doesn’t seem to understand his role in its entirety (at least his actions haven’t proven his maturity to the likes of King Henry IV). The King would prefer Hal act in a more appropriate manner when... ...ove to his father that he has what it takes to be the next king, but in the end his father couldn’t be more pleased with Hal’s performance. Works Cited Kastan, David Scott. Introduction. King Henry IV, Part I. London: Arden, 2002. 44-51. Print. Kastan, David Scott. "The King Hath Many Marching in His Coat." 1 Henry IV. By William Shakespeare. Ed. Gordon McMullan. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2003. 330-346. Print. Khan, Coppelia. â€Å"Masculine Identifies.† 1 Henry IV. By William Shakespeare. Ed. Gordon McMullan. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2003. 330-346. Print. Reno, Raymond H. â€Å"Hotspur: The Integration of Character and Theme.† Henry the Fourth, Part I, by William Shakespeare. Ed. James L. Sanderson. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1969. 235-244. Print. Shakespeare, William. 1 Henry IV. Ed. Gordon McMullan. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2003. Print.

How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by several bacteria called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. The bacterium were discovered and named as a cause of TB in 1882 by the German Biologist Robert Koch. Tubercle bacillus is a small and extremely dangerous bacterium; it has a long life span and can survive for months in dryness and resist mild disinfectants (Stefan, 2000). TB is a contagious disease which spreads in similar way to common cold and flu viruses; the bacteria are transferred from host to host in small droplets. There are numerous types of TB, of which Pulmonary TB is one. It can be transferred when an infected person sneezes, coughs or spits and an uninfected person comes into contact with the droplets, for example in saliva (Stefan, 2000). Symptoms The symptoms of this disease are severe coughing including bloody mucus, chest pains, shortness in breathe, fever, weight loss and sweating. The secondary infection affects the immune system, bones and gut. The most common scenario when infected with TB is when a person contacts it following another disease or infection which has weakened the immune system. For example when a person has the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) their immune system is weakened; people with HIV therefore show an increased rate of TB infections. Only when you show symptoms of TB can you infect others (Ottenhoff and Kaufmann, 2012). Organ infected by tuberculosis TB is an extremely harmful disease cause by microorganisms called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. It harms many organs in the human body. It mainly affects the lung (as shown in figure 1) and that is called ‘pulmonary tuberculosis’ the initial symptom last up to 6/7 months. During this long time period the immune system fights of the disease and bacterium. After that period and the immune system resisting the disease some particles of the bacteria escapes into the bloodstream, this is then carried around the body. Usually the immune system cannot stop the bacteria and leads to being untreated. If left untreated for a long period of time then the environment in the body is perfect for the bacteria to multiple, this is extremely dangerous as the tissues of the organ for example; the tissue of the lung may become infected. When the lung is infected it results in destruction in the respiratory system. It is important this is not left unattended as it will cause permanent s carring to the tissues of organs. Diagnosis The main method of diagnosing TB is a harmless skin test. This is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid under the skin around the forearm; this is a special fluid containing a protein copied from the microorganism Tubercle bacillus. After a few days the area where the fluid was injected is visually scanned. To determine whether you have the infection the scientist will measure the diameter and hardness of skin where the injection was placed. If the area if hard and the skin appears to be raised it will mean you have a bacterial protein present in your body. The redness in the area injection is not taken in to account. With this test it is possible to get false positive, for example a negative test does not mean you do not have TB. If the test is positive a chest x-ray will be taken to assess whether the TB infection is active (see figure 1). Areas affected by tuberculosis TB was a main cause of death in the late 19th century and early 20th century. TB still occurs in humans worldwide but more concentrated in many developing countries and kills 4 out of 10 people who are infected. Figure 2 shows that over 15 years (1990 to 2005) the estimated TB incidence rate global has not changed much, with incidence in Europe slowly increasing whilst staying below the global average. In Africa however the estimated incidence has remained above the global average. Figure 2 also demonstrates that having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for being infected with TB. HIV is a condition which affects a person immune system, and so makes suffers more vulnerable disease. Therefore attempting to reduce the prevalence of HIV could also reduce the rate of TB in Africa population. This is a social problem as HIV is spread by contact with bodily fluid from a HIV suffer, therefor social education programs about safe conduct with HIV suffers could help reduce both disease and HIV. However the data (fig 2) only shows up to 2005. More recent data would be needed to see how the rates have changed from 2005-present. suffers more vulnerable disease. There is also a correllation between TB and economic condition. Hihgest incidences are seen in africa, where the gross domestic product (GDP) is low. The world health organisation (WHO) predicted that 8 million people per annum contract TB, 95% of these cases are found in developing countries. It is estimated that 3 million perople die from TB every year, which means the 4 put of 10 people infected from developing countries die each year. Immigration (process of relocation permanently to a foreign country or area) is increasing which leads to countries that usually have relatively low incidence of TB reporting an increase in the number if case per annum. TB is often referred to as a disease of poverty because it is common in developing countries. TB is transmitted in those conditions with areas that are overcrowded, have poor ventilation and a lack of nutrients in their diet. Living in an overcrowded area increases the risk of contracting TB as the airborne droplets are able spread faster; an example of this would be an overcrowded area such as a prison. Groups who have the largest chances of catching the disease are those who have close contact with infected persons over a long period of time and live in a poorly ventilated room. Figure 3 shows clearly that the continent of Africa has the highest number of TB cases in its population. There is a link between poverty and TB. This is because the population there is living in a poor lifestyle or HIV is very common. As discussed above, HIV makes a person vulnerable to TB because it weakens the immune system. Another reason for this economic link could be that hard manual workers, with lower economic status, often live on a diet with fewer nutrients, which also weakens the immune system, leaving a person more vulnerable to TB. Because this is a disease of poverty’ there are economic implications; the countries affected have no money to invest in finding treatment and research. The burden then falls on more economically developed countries. However because of the benefits being gained from this; pharmaceuticals companies invest little money into TB research. The reliability of fig 3 on the estimated of the cases varies depending on the sources. Economically developing countries have easy access to medical data, e.g. NHS in UK. However data on less economically developed countries is less reliable due to less health services. 1.2 Different types of antibiotics Isoniazoid is the drug most commonly used to treat TB, and is the most effective. Isoniazoid is bactericidal (capable of killing bacteria and viruses), non-toxic, easy to access and inexpensive. The usual dosage is 3 to 5mg/kg body mass produced in a peak concentration. The drug is effective because it travels throughout the entire body, including the cavities. The drug concentration is alike to the concentration found in the serum. Rifampin is also a bactericidal for TB. Like Isoniazoid it is non-toxic and is easy to access. It is effective as it is absorbed quickly from the stomach lining and intestines. After a few hours the serum concentration increases; when digested it absorbs into the tissues and cells. It can have very bad side affects even though the drug is a protein bound. The most common side effect is damage to the stomach lining. Other side effects include skin irritation, yellow urine, nausea and joint pain. These side effects are quite rare. TABLE!!!!! Development in treatment for TB The technology and knowledge about TB is increasing. There are number of new drugs tested, including amikacin, quinolones, rifamycin derivatives, clofazimine, and beta-lactams. They have all been tested separately but have not been tested in a multidrug regimen for treating TB. The recent increase in the occurrence of multi drug resistant TB creates an increase in the need to consider multi drug regimen as a treatment option. While all these medication have been tested none of them have been evaluated as a well designed drug. Appropriate dosage and intervals for the use of these drugs for TB has not yet be established. However WHO reported that only 1 anti-TB drug has actually come on the market in the last 28 years. This is said to be because pharmaceutical companies have lost interest in TB research because there is little or no profit associated with it (Blanc and Nun, 2000). However the source is from 2000; not up to date. New drugs for TB could have be reported after the time pe riod 2000. Vaccination There is only one vaccination for TB available and it is called bacillus calmette Guerin (BCG) (see figure 4). Scientist began testing between 1921 and 1924 on animal models which raised ethical concerns as many deemed testing on animals wrong, therefore BCG was considered a controversial drug. Throughout testing of the BCG vaccine promising results were found, and it was therefore distributed worldwide as an effective treatment for TB. Today BCG is regarded as the most widely used vaccine, and is being provided to less economically developed countries as a quick way of curing TB; this excludes people with HIV. The use of BCG vaccination faces some problems as it uses a live form of TB, the BCG is therefore not suitable for use in patients with HIV as they already have a compromised immune system, so exposing them to a live virus increases their chances of becoming infected with TB. Many vaccinations against TB are being developed. The most popular vaccine is the subunit vaccine. This vaccine is a protein obtained from the disease TB. Using a mixture of these proteins has shown good results. As it is a cellular vaccine and does not pose a risk of causing the disease. A DNA bases vaccine has been tested and has also showed promising results. The vaccine uses DNA as a system to deliver TB antigens. The DNA based vaccine does not have any problem with where the disease first originates and induces long lasting immunity. Several trails with DNA vaccination have shown protection against TB. It does this by releasing more concentrated ‘lymphocytes’ blood cells and are more effective towards the infected cells. Within the next few years, these vaccines should be available and safe for testing on human specimens. When a clinical trial is set up it is always in a lab, firstly on animals. This data is deemed reliable as it is done in a lab, but requires further human testing before data is valid for human treatment. Conclusion â€Å"We cannot win the battle against HIV/AIDs if we do not also fight TB. TB is too often a death sentence for people with HIV/AIDs† – Nelson Mandela XV international AIDs conference, Bangkok,July 2004 There is a link between developing countries and the prevalence of TB. Ways to prevent this could be to provide new-borns with a vaccine against TB; however that could bring the risk of the new-born being infected with the active disease if their immune system is weak.

Robey V. Hinners

Bo-Yuan Chen Bus 201 Brief- Robey v. Hinners Facts:Brad Robey, d/b/a as Roeby’s Pawn World, sold a used 2002 Cadillac Escalade to Hinner, a resident of Kentucky, and stated that the vehicle was â€Å"clean, better and average† and that â€Å" 1 month/1,000 mile Service Agreement†. After bought the Vehicle and found that it was not as advertised, Hinners filed a civil complaint against Robey in the Kenton Circuit Court. Robey filed an answer and also motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court denied the motion, rated Hinner’s motivation and entered a default judgment.Robey’ appeal herein followed. Issue: Whether the issue of personal jurisdiction may be raised by Robey in this appeal even though a default judgment was entered. Decision: Reverse the judgment of the Kenton Circuit Court and remand for the entry of an order dismissing Hinners's complaint. Reasoning: Hinners: Hinners argued that three of the nine pr ovisions of KRS 454. 210 authorized the extension of long-arm jurisdiction over Robey. Robey, situated in Missouri, advertised the vehicle for sale on eBay Hinners, in Kentucky, submitted the winning bidHinners traveled out-of-state to take possession of the vehicle Robey executed vehicle transfer documents to enable Hinners to obtain a Kentucky registration and title for the vehicle Robey, in his eBay listing and in oral statements to Hinners, misrepresented the condition of the vehicle The vehicle came to Kentucky covered by Robey's warranty, the one month/1000 mile â€Å"service agreement. † Robey: In Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz case, the U. S. supreme held that formation of a contraction with a nonresident was not, standing along, sufficient to create jurisdiction.Placing the vehicle for auction on eBay did not alone create personal jurisdiction over Robey in Kentucky. Accepting the Application for Kentucky Certificate of Title/Registration did not create personal juri sdiction. The fact that Hinners took the vehicle to Kentucky and determined there that it was not as advertised did not create personal jurisdiction There was no evidence that Robey used eBay through which to sell automobiles on any occasion other than this one. The language in the eBay listing referring to a â€Å"1 month/1,000 mile Service Agreement† also did not create jurisdiction.

Free Essays on Business And Managment

leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower e... Free Essays on Business And Managment Free Essays on Business And Managment Management and Leadership Paper Within the organizational structure of most businesses you will likely find management and leadership coexisting. Commonly, the words are often substituted for on another. However, each word has a distinctly different definition. A manager does not necessarily make a good manager. Management is defined as those individuals in an organization that have the authority and the responsibility to manage the organization through the control of production processes and ensuring that they operate efficiently and effectively. Leadership is defined as the skills and ability to set future goals in accordance with the organizational goals and to communicate those goals to other employees in such a way that they voluntarily and harmoniously work together to accomplish those goals for the benefit of the organization. In this paper I will differentiate between management and leadership? Any organization needs to be managed, even a one-person company has to be managed. A manager has four key responsibilities: 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) leading, and 4) controlling. Management can also be defined as the function that determines how the organization’s human, financial, physical, informational, and technical resources are arranged and coordinated to perform tasks towards achievement of strategic goals. Leadership implies that the manager has fundamental knowledge about critical processes. A leader is focused on ensuring the creation of strategies, systems, and methods for achieving excellence and building knowledge and capabilities. Leaders are focused more on creating an enthusiastic work environment for all of a company’s employees. In other words leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower e...

How Many Atoms There Are in the Human Body

How Many Atoms There Are in the Human Body Have you ever wondered how many atoms are in the human body? Heres the calculation and answer to the question. Short Answer There are approximately 7 x 1027 atoms in the average human body. This is the estimate for a 70 kg adult human male. Generally, a smaller person would contain fewer atoms; a larger person would contain more atoms. Atoms in the Body On average, 87 percent of the atoms in the body are hydrogen or oxygen. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen together account for 99 percent of the atoms in a person. There are 41 chemical elements found in most people. The exact number of atoms of the trace elements varies widely according to age, diet, and environmental factors. Some of these elements are needed for chemical processes in the body, but others (e.g., lead, uranium, radium) have no known function or are toxic contaminants. Low levels of these elements are a natural part of the environment and typically do not cause health problems. In addition to the elements listed in the table, additional trace elements may be found in some individuals. Reference: Freitas, Robert A., Jr., Nanomedicine, foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html, 2006. Atomic Composition of a Lean 70-kg Man Element # of Atoms hydrogen 4.22 x 1027 oxygen 1.61 x 1027 carbon 8.03 x 1026 nitrogen 3.9 x 1025 calcium 1.6 x 1025 phosphorus 9.6 x 1024 sulfur 2.6 x 1024 sodium 2.5 x 1024 potassium 2.2 x 1024 chlorine 1.6 x 1024 magnesium 4.7 x 1023 silicon 3.9 x 1023 fluorine 8.3 x 1022 iron 4.5 x 1022 zinc 2.1 x 1022 rubidium 2.2 x 1021 strontium 2.2 x 1021 bromine 2 x 1021 aluminum 1 x 1021 copper 7 x 1020 lead 3 x 1020 cadmium 3 x 1020 boron 2 x 1020 manganese 1 x 1020 nickel 1 x 1020 lithium 1 x 1020 barium 8 x 1019 iodine 5 x 1019 tin 4 x 1019 gold 2 x 1019 zirconium 2 x 1019 cobalt 2 x 1019 cesium 7 x 1018 mercury 6 x 1018 arsenic 6 x 1018 chromium 6 x 1018 molybdenum 3 x 1018 selenium 3 x 1018 beryllium 3 x 1018 vanadium 8 x 1017 uranium 2 x 1017 radium 8 x 1010

Leadership and legacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and legacy - Research Paper Example mmarized in three slogans – â€Å"a â€Å"Harmonious Society† domestically and a â€Å"Peaceful Development† internationally, the former generated by a â€Å"Scientific Development Perspective,† which seeks integrated sets of solutions to arrays of economic, environmental and social problems, and recognizes, in inner circles, a need for political reform (though studied, cautious and controlled)† (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.) He is known to be a transformational visionary since he initiated critical changes in the way the Chinese government is run. The openness to foreign relationships in terms of trade is one of the proofs. Since his leadership, China has also been influential in terms of international trade. As a transformational and visionary leader, he was so determined to achieve what he desired and this led to the laying off of some very senior government officials most of whom protested against his leadership style (Chu 2004). His leadership style was unique in that he first considered the areas that were earlier neglected like the poor areas in the country. In this, his aim was to reduce the inequality that existed between the GDP and the Welfare Second policies. It was also a way of equalizing the society through new policies that he would use to bring the expected change. He was determined to have a clear picture of those areas first and then work out a way of developing them. This is the reason why his style was transformational and visionary. He had a vision for his country and was determined to achieve what he desired and what he felt was the best for his people (Kahn 2005). He put the interest of others before his own and that’s why he spent most of his time assisting the poor and learning more about the poor parts of the country. He focused more on the poor parts of the country and not on the areas that had prospered economically (Lam 2006). Hu was known to be a very supportive leader. He shows supports to every Chinese citizen through his moral

Junk 'mail' - nuisance or opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Junk 'mail' - nuisance or opportunity - Essay Example For example, it would not make sense to send direct mailings in a mass strategy when there is only a fraction of the population with the cash resources to buy your product. At the leadership level, direct mail can be a disadvantage if the business does not have a well-trained and knowledgeable marketing staff able to ensure the information is targeted correctly. A recent study identified that many consumers would not even bother to open a piece of direct mail if they noticed an obvious mistake (McLuhan, 2008). This would require the company to closely monitor issues of editing and content when developing the direct mail literature. Sometimes these are sent out to third party printers, which make error correction and checking prior to mailing very important. Even in the electronic mail environment, if the information has grammatical errors it can be a serious disadvantage to company reputation. This is especially true considering that three quarters of all consumers surveyed said they would not even open the junk mail. There are advantages to junk mail, however, including growth in sales coming from catalogues. â€Å"The catalogue is seen as something of a renaissance marketing tool† which generated sales of over  £3.6 billion in 2004 (Marketing Week, 2005, p.37). This means that there are consumers who are attracted by the look and pictures of catalogues or they simply find them to be convenient methods to order merchandise. For the older consumer who might be intimidated by the online environment, catalogues sent to this group will likely have more sales results. Growth in the Internet across the world continues to climb as nations become more developed and have better electronic infrastructures. With more people online, this represents more marketing opportunity to reach more audiences and find more sales growth. Even

Effective mediated communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective mediated communication - Essay Example Few people write letters or read the newspaper anymore as these are seemingly archaic methods of communication. Neither provides instant information, a tool that is today essential for businesses to compete and simply a fact of life that is taken for granted for most in the U.S. â€Å"Nowadays, we think nothing of emailing our aunts in Germany and getting an answer back within minutes, or seeing the latest streaming video full of up to the minute news† (Boswell, 2006). There are as many disadvantages as advantages offered in this mode of communication as messages are misread, misdirected, misunderstood or simply go missing. While several of these issues don’t arise when people are given the opportunity to communicate on a face-to-face basis, an entirely new set of issues are introduced as messages are forgotten, lose their focus or the participants become sidetracked on other issues or other external events. The purpose of this paper is to discover just what are the str engths and weaknesses of face to face communication as they compare with the strengths and weaknesses of hard copy communication methods. For many people, face to face communication is the best means of interacting with another person for a variety of reasons. People who communicate face to face are obviously able to do so in a real-time format, meaning that it occurs for both people at the same time as they are looking at each other. When the conversation reaches a point where greater clarification or further discussion is felt necessary, this conversation has the opportunity of taking place immediately. According to Adler et al (2007), this attribute of synchronicity is the first of three significant features of oral face to face communication. The second significant feature is the richness of information that can be obtained through this method of communication. While two people are looking at each other,

Development of a Free Source for Internet

Development of a Free Source for Internet Ebrahim Ali Otaif Suggestion for a free source for Internet for TTC The project aims to provide a new way to give the internet for Technical Trainers College for free and design it and build it for them. The data will be collected from the research websites and finished the survey in these websites. The target group of my project is the poor students in TTC also the poor staff in TTC. The collected data it will be analyzed and show to the students with reasons. The design method will be tested throughout the interviewing be the experts and the students. The expected result is to provide solving a problem for internet for TTC. 1.1. Key words: Development a free source for Internet Enhancing a free source for internet Improvement internet source Providing a free source for internet Introduction of a free source for internet Found a free source for internet Create a free source for internet Try a free source for internet Made a free source for internet Modify a free source for internet Example of a free source for internet Design a free source for internet Build a free source for internet Test a free source for internet Planning a free source for internet Manage a free source for internet Increase the ways of a free source for internet Change the ways of a free source for internet Choose a way of a free source for internet Implement a free source for internet Giving the internet for everyone will result in significant improvements in other key areas including social, cultural, political and global peace Emdad Khan (2011). For many people, the internet has become such a pervasive, fundamental part of daily life and business that it is hard to fathom that over 4 billion people more than 55% of the worlds population are still not online Many of those simply do not have access: they live in hard-to-reach rural areas or do not have digital or other basic infrastructure. Some simply do not see the benefits of being connected, often because of limited relevant digital content. Others are illiterate; many are poor.(The Boston Consulting Group, 2017) Figure 1: Twenty countries are home to three-quarters of the 4.3 billion internet non-users of internet. 2.1. Keywords: Part of daily life Do not have access Basic infrastructure Many are poor 2.2. Main ideas based on key words: Improve part of our daily life Proved internet access Replace the basic infrastructure Help the people Nowadays the internet is importing rescuers to our live that help the user on everything and make his job easy. There are many students or staff at TTC does not have access to the internet because they are poor or the Wi-Fi signal of the TTC is too bad. We should change our infrastructure from cabling on the ground to the air on the sky. Giving free internet to the poor people it helps in their life and makes them happy. (The Boston Consulting Group, 2016) There are many ways to deliver free internet and these ways come from different companies ideas, some companies are exploring the potential to solve coverage issues using satellites4everyone, balloons or stratospheric solar planes. Even if such solutions are speculative and for the long term, they deserve consideration and support from public authorities when necessary, such as accommodating airspace regulations and allocating suitable spectrum. (The Boston Consulting Group, 2016) The study of KATIKALA (2014) the aims of this paper to describes or overview about google Balloon that will powered Internet for everyone and the purpose of the idea how to provide the wireless network to remote areas to connect the people. The result of this study the balloon idea could be work and help countries to avoid the cost of underground infrastructure. The befits of this paper it helps me to know this idea and how it work and what the advantages if we use it. The study of PANDEY BHATTACHARYA (2014) they aims of this paper to show that traditional satellite systems along with the cellular networks it was great technology but the costs of equipments it was huge and cannot be done to everyone. The result of this study indicate that balloon with ad hoc mesh network It will enhance the current standard of living for the humans by giving Internet services. As previous studies mentioned the aim if this study is to provide a problem-solving. The idea here is to solve the problem of internet access for TTC students. The current study is going to answer the question of: Suggestion for a free source for Internet for TTC References Internet for Everyone: Reshaping the Global Economy by Bridging the Digital Divide, Emdad Khan (2011), 204 pages. The Boston Consulting Group (2016). Broadband Commission Special Session at the World Economic Forum: 21 January 2016, Davos, Switzerland. http://www.broadbandcommission.org/events/Pages/WEF-davos-2016.aspx   (Accessed on 17.01.2017) The Boston Consulting Group (2016). Internet for All A Framework for Accelerating Internet Access and Adoption, World Economic Forum White Paper. https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjm6OHutNvRAhXqHJoKHVOXCXUQFggZMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_Internet_for_All_Framework_Accelerating_Internet_Access_Adoption_report_2016.pdfusg=AFQjCNFys9KmT6kVUCXIgXREomiOVpEF3gsig2=B0QuojNrz2RIioAOJmkw   (Accessed on 17.01.2017) KATIKALA, S. (2014). GOOGLEà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ PROJECT LOON, RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, Volume 10, Number 2. PANDEY, M BHATTACHARYA, S. (2014). BALLOONED WIRELESS NETWORK FOR FREE INTERNET ACCESS, Vol. 4, Issue 2.

austins theory of law :: essays research papers

Laws in the most general sense are rules made by one intelligent being for the guidance of another intelligent being, the former having power over the latter. - All laws are a species of command, a command being an expression of a wish or desire that some other person do something. Commands can only be issued by one who has the power and intention to inflict a sanction in the event of disobedience. - A legal duty is a liability to a sanction for refusal to comply with a command. Hence, commands and duties are correlative; there can’t be one without the other. Commands are said to bind or oblige the person to whom they are directed. Sanctions are always intended to be evils, never goods. Rewards (bribes) cannot be sanctions. - Conclusion regarding the basic definition of law: a command that obliges a person to observe a general course of conduct, issued by a superior (in power) to an inferior. - Special problems: Customary laws and rules of common morality which may appear to oblige independently of any superior power are not really laws until recognized by a court. Common laws (judge-made law) likewise may appear not to stem from a superior power. Austin argues such laws are tacitly commanded by the state. Legal rights are creatures of law, but they are not exercised by following orders; the option to exercise a right is up to the owner of the right. Austin: no law creates a right without also creating a correlative duty, hence the link with commands. - Positive Law is a set of commands issued by a sovereign to his subjects. The sovereign is a determinate person or group (a) who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society (he is the superior power within his society) and (b) is not in a habit of obedience to a like superior group (independent of any other

Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) Essay

Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) is one of the procedures of EIA adopted in Malaysia. The DEIA report will be prepared after the Preliminary EIA was approved by the Department Of Environmental. Detailed EIA is a procedure undertaken for those projects with major or significant impacts to the environment. The Procedure for Detailed EIA. Figure 1 shows the procedure involved in DEIA The detailed assessment involves EIA report display for the public and affected community to comment. The examples of activities which need to go through the Detailed EIA procedure are listed in List 1. Notwithstanding the list in List 1, the Director General of Environment has the prerogative to request a detailed assessment of a project which has significant impacts to the environment of projects which are located in or adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas. List of Prescribed Activities Which Require Detailed EIA 1. Iron and steel industry. 2. Pulp and paper mills. 3. Cement plant. 4. Construction of coal fired power plant. 5. Construction of dams for water supply and hydroelectric power schemes. 6. Land reclamation. 7. Incineration plant (scheduled wastes & solid wastes). 8. Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility (including municipal solid waste transfer station). 9. Project involving land clearing where 50% of the area or more having slopes exceeding 25 degrees (except quarry). 10. Logging covering an area exceeding 500 hectares or more. 11. Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks. 12. Construction of recovery plant (off-site) for lead-acid battery wastes 13. Scheduled wastes recovery or treatment facility generating significant amount of wastewater which is located upstream of public water supply intake. 14. Non-ferrous – Primary smelting. List 1 shows examples of activities that need DEIA After the DEIA report being approved by the DOE approval, a paper advertisement is carries out for public’s comment. The DEIA report could be purchased for any individual parties that interested into it. For example, a DEIA report could be purchased with RM 1,000.00. The advertisement is opened for the public view in a certain period of time. After the duration for the public’s comments on the prescribed activities related with the DEIA report, the construction process is started. Prescribed Activity started DEIA amendment prior to public’s comment Paper advertisement for public’s comment DEIA approved Submission of DEIA for approval Preparation of DEIA PEIA approved

Analysis of Political Theory Essay

There are two political theories that I combined and will implement if I were to be placed as the highest-ranking official of the country. These are the theories of Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. I chose to unite the two theories because both of them, as I was reading through its contents, had the biggest impact on me than all the other theories I researched for. The joined theories would build up my ideal state as a leader of the country so that I may be able to take the people to a better state of life, in my innocent opinion as part of this country’s youth. First, allow me to discuss to you Immanuel Kant’s political philosophy. His approach to politics favored classical republicanism. The doctrine of Rechtsstaat is Kant’s biggest contribution in the philosophy of law and politics. According to this doctrine, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of power. In a Rechtsstaat, the citizens share legally based civil liberties. It is a constitutional state in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by law. It is often tied with the Anglo-American rule of law. Now, what is the rule of law? It is a legal maxim that suggests that governmental decisions be made by applying known legal principles. Aristotle one quoted, â€Å"Law should govern†. It implies that every citizen is subject to the law. It stands in contrast to the idea that a ruler is above the law, for example by divine right. Going back to Immanuel Kant’s philosophy, he also supported the separation of powers of the executive, legislative and judicative branches of government. The executive and the judicative are bound by law, while the legislative is bound by constitutional principles. Rechtsstaat also requires transparency  of state acts and the requirement of providing a reason for all state acts. The doctrine also demands for a hierarchy of laws and the requirement of clarity and definiteness. Now, the world has indeed seen the applications and implementations of the Rechtsstaat through Russia’s legal system. The  Russian legal system, born out of transformations in the 19th century under the reforms of Emperor  Alexander II, is based primarily upon the German legal tradition. It was from here that Russia borrowed a doctrine of  Rechtsstaat, which literally translates as  legal state. The concept of â€Å"legal state† is a fundamental (but undefined) principle that appears in the very first dispositive provision of Russia’s  post-Communist constitution: â€Å"The Russian Federation – Russia – constitutes a democratic federative legal state with a republican form of governance. † Similarly, the very first dispositive provision of Ukraine’s Constitution declares: â€Å"Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. † The effort to give meaning to the expression â€Å"legal state† is anything but theoretical. Valery Zorkin, President of the Constitutional Court of Russia, wrote in 2003: Becoming a legal state has long been our ultimate goal, and we have certainly made serious progress in this direction over the past several years. However, no one can say now that we have reached this destination. Such a legal state simply cannot exist without a lawful and just society. Here, as in no other sphere of our life, the state reflects the level of maturity reached by society. Rechtsstaat has also approached Russia’s constitutional economics. The Russian concept of legal state adopted many elements of  constitutional economics. One of the founders of constitutional economics, James M. Buchanan, the 1986 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science, argues that, in the framework of constitutional government, any governmental intervention and regulation has been based on three assumptions. First, every failure of the  market economy to function smoothly and perfectly can be corrected by governmental intervention. Second, those holding political office and manning the bureaucracies are altruistic upholders of the  public interest, unconcerned with their own personal economic well-being. And, third, changing the responsibilities of government towards more intervention and control will not profoundly and perversely affect the social and economic order. Some Russian researchers are supporting an idea that, in the 21st century, the concept of the legal state has become not only a legal but also an economic concept – at least for Russia and many other transitional and developing countries. Let us now move on to Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s political theory. His most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republican. The treatise begins with the dramatic opening lines, â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they. † Rousseau claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality, which human beings left for the benefits and necessity of cooperation. As society developed, division of labor and private property required the human race to adopt institutions of law. In the degenerate phase of society, man is prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men while also becoming increasingly dependent on them. This double pressure threatens both his survival and his freedom. According to Rousseau, by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. This is because submission to the authority of the  general will  of the people as a whole guarantees individuals against being subordinated to the wills of others and also ensures that they obey themselves because they are, collectively, the authors of the law. Although Rousseau argues that  sovereignty  (or the power to make the laws) should be in the hands of the people, he also makes a sharp distinction between the sovereign and the  government. The government is composed of magistrates, charged with implementing and enforcing the general will. The â€Å"sovereign† is the rule of law, ideally decided on by  direct democracy  in an assembly. Under a monarchy, however, the real sovereign is still the law. Rousseau was opposed to the idea that the people should exercise sovereignty via a  representative assembly. France could not meet Rousseau’s criterion of an ideal state because it was too big. Much subsequent controversy about Rousseau’s work has hinged on disagreements concerning his claims that citizens constrained to obey the general will are thereby rendered free: The notion of the general will is wholly central to Rousseau’s theory of political legitimacy. †¦ It is, however, an unfortunately obscure and controversial notion. Some commentators see it as no more than the dictatorship of the proletariat or the tyranny of the urban poor (such as may perhaps be seen in the French Revolution). Such was not Rousseau’s meaning. This is clear from the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Discourse on Political Economy†, where Rousseau emphasizes that the general will exists to protect individuals against the mass, not to require them to be sacrificed to it. He is, of course, sharply aware that men have selfish and sectional interests which will lead them to try to oppress others. It is for this reason that loyalty to the good of all alike must be a supreme (although not exclusive) commitment by everyone, not only if a truly general will is to be heeded but also if it is to be formulated successfully in the first place†. French revolutionaries read the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This would suggest that his philosophy was one of the proponents that sparked the French Revolution among the commoners. In brief, Rousseau believed in the natural goodness of man; that humans were corrupted by the greed and competition of civilization. He believed in a social utopia, of humans returning to natural harmony, being made free of vices and sharing a natural equality and a general will. These ideas appealed to many people, including some of the people instrumental in the events leading to the French Revolution, such as the oath at the Tennis Court. In a country where a wealthy minority indulged themselves while hundreds of thousands suffered from severe poverty and inflation, people yearned for a basic equality, natural or government ordained. Many felt that if the general will (or the will of the people) was for change, that the current government was expected to make compromises. The First Estate of the French government was against these changes, the Second Estate was to some extent and later cast its lot in with the Third Estate. Later the idea of a utopian government changed to ‘the will of the people’ (although how successful this was carried out can be debated, in both France and the U. S. ) Maximillien Robespierre, who played an important part in the middle to later events in the Revolution and was one of the architects of the Terror, was deeply influenced in his youth by Rousseau’s writings. My report would end at this, since only this stuff is what is asked of us. But if you would ask me, I wouldn’t agree to all things mentioned by the two philosophers. I, of course, would make a few reforms here and there. For example, the abandonment of our natural rights as said in The Social Contract. In the contemporary world, one would want to forget about their natural right for general will. Sure, the idea of general will sounds very convenient, but if you think about it, it’s not worth giving up your natural rights for.