Free Essays on Peace And Love

Some people believe Humanity can have Utopia now. They believe Humanity has everything necessary for a Utopia, and that humans just have to better utilize what they have now and enjoy the same. The World Game Institute has prepared the most comprehensive statement of this position and posted the same at worldgame.org/wwwproject/index.shtml. The Institute has identified various programs and policies that could provide for food, water, shelter, health care, energy and education for every person in the world, while eliminating all major environmental problems. Without a solution, more than 800 million people will remain malnourished, large segments of the population will continue to suffer from preventable diseases, and over 40 million people will die each year from starvation or preventable diseases. Additionally, plant and animal extinction, deforestation, soil erosion, ozone depletion, and other major environmental problems will continue. The combined total cost of implementing corre ctive programs is 30% of the world's total annual military expenditures, or 234 billion dollars. Society's bystanding at this mass human slaughter because of improper use of available resources constitutes complicity in murder. If one is not convinced of the imperative need to solve such problems for humanitarian reasons, then it should be noted that the resulting benefits of an overall enhanced quality of life, increased global productivity, and environmental preservation, clearly exceed the costs of these programs. Being in tune with ourselves and nature, and wisely using our current resources is an excellent start for having a better world. Life is full of wonder and beauty and should be cherished and enjoyed by everyone. However, Humanity can, and should, do better, such as finding cures for all disease.... Free Essays on Peace And Love Free Essays on Peace And Love Some people believe Humanity can have Utopia now. They believe Humanity has everything necessary for a Utopia, and that humans just have to better utilize what they have now and enjoy the same. The World Game Institute has prepared the most comprehensive statement of this position and posted the same at worldgame.org/wwwproject/index.shtml. The Institute has identified various programs and policies that could provide for food, water, shelter, health care, energy and education for every person in the world, while eliminating all major environmental problems. Without a solution, more than 800 million people will remain malnourished, large segments of the population will continue to suffer from preventable diseases, and over 40 million people will die each year from starvation or preventable diseases. Additionally, plant and animal extinction, deforestation, soil erosion, ozone depletion, and other major environmental problems will continue. The combined total cost of implementing corre ctive programs is 30% of the world's total annual military expenditures, or 234 billion dollars. Society's bystanding at this mass human slaughter because of improper use of available resources constitutes complicity in murder. If one is not convinced of the imperative need to solve such problems for humanitarian reasons, then it should be noted that the resulting benefits of an overall enhanced quality of life, increased global productivity, and environmental preservation, clearly exceed the costs of these programs. Being in tune with ourselves and nature, and wisely using our current resources is an excellent start for having a better world. Life is full of wonder and beauty and should be cherished and enjoyed by everyone. However, Humanity can, and should, do better, such as finding cures for all disease....

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster At 11:38 a.m. on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger launched from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. As the world watched on TV, the Challenger soared into the sky and then, shockingly, exploded just 73 seconds after take-off. All seven members of the crew, including social studies teacher Sharon Christa McAuliffe, died in the disaster. An investigation of the accident discovered that the O-rings of the right solid rocket booster had malfunctioned. Crew of the Challenger Christa McAuliffe (Teacher in Space)Dick Scobee (Commander)Mike Smith (Pilot)Ron McNair (Mission Specialist)Judy Resnik (Mission Specialist)Ellison Onizuka (Mission Specialist)Gregory Jarvis (Payload Specialist) Should the Challenger Have Launched? Around 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, in Florida, the seven crew members of the Space Shuttle Challenger were already strapped into their seats. Though they were ready to go, NASA officials were busy deciding whether it was safe enough to launch that day. It had been extremely cold the night before, causing icicles to form under the launch pad. By morning, temperatures were still only 32 ° F. If the shuttle launched that day, it would the coldest day of any shuttle launch. Safety was a huge concern, but NASA officials were also under pressure to get the shuttle into orbit quickly. Weather and malfunctions had already caused many postponements from the original launch date, January 22. If the shuttle didnt launch by February 1, some of the science experiments and business arrangements regarding the satellite would be jeopardized. Plus, millions of people, especially students across the U.S., were waiting and watching for this particular mission to launch. A Teacher on Board Among the crew on board the Challenger that morning was Sharon Christa McAuliffe. McAuliffe, a social studies teacher at Concord High School in New Hampshire, had been chosen from 11,000 applicants to participate in the Teacher in Space Project. President Ronald Reagan created this project in August 1984 in an effort to increase public interest in the U.S. space program. The teacher chosen would become the first private citizen in space. A teacher, a wife, and a mother of two, McAuliffe represented the average, good-natured citizen. She became the face of NASA for nearly a year before the launch, and the public adored her. The Launch A little after 11:00 a.m. on that cold morning, NASA told the crew that launch was a go. At 11:38 a.m., the Space Shuttle Challenger launched from Pad 39-B at the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. At first, everything seemed to go well. However, 73 seconds after lift-off, Mission Control heard Pilot Mike Smith say, Uh oh! Then people at Mission Control, observers on the ground, and millions of children and adults across the nation watched as the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded. The nation was shocked. To this day, many remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard that the Challenger had exploded. It remains a defining moment in the 20th century. Search and Recovery An hour after the explosion, search and recovery planes and ships searched for survivors and wreckage. Though some pieces of the shuttle floated on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, much of it had sunken to the bottom. No survivors were found.  On January 31, 1986, three days after the disaster, a memorial service was held for the fallen heroes. What Went Wrong? Everyone wanted to know what had gone wrong. On February 3, 1986, President Reagan established the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Former Secretary of State William Rogers chaired the commission, whose members included Sally Ride, Neil Armstrong, and Chuck Yeager. The Rogers Commission carefully studied pictures, video, and debris from the accident. The Commission determined that the accident was caused by a failure in the O-rings of the right solid rocket booster. O-rings sealed the pieces of the rocket booster together. From multiple uses and especially because of the extreme cold on that day, an O-ring on the right rocket booster had become brittle. Once launched, the weak O-ring allowed fire to escape from the rocket booster. The fire melted a support beam that held the booster in place. The booster, then mobile, hit the fuel tank, causing the explosion. Upon further research, it was determined that there had been multiple, unheeded warnings about the potential problems with the O-rings. The Crew Cabin On March 8, 1986, just over five weeks after the explosion, a search team found the crew cabin; it had not been destroyed in the explosion. The bodies of all seven crew members were found, still strapped into their seats. Autopsies were done but exact cause of death was inconclusive. It is believed that at least some of the crew survived the explosion, since three of four emergency air packs found had been deployed. After the explosion, the crew cabin fell over 50,000 feet and hit the water at approximately 200 miles per hour. No one could have survived the impact.

Usability Tests and Heuristic Evaluations in Assessing Prototypes of Essay

Usability Tests and Heuristic Evaluations in Assessing Prototypes of Interface Designs - Essay Example Effectiveness is described as the degree of consistency that a product will behave as expected. It is also the measure the degree of ease users experience in using the product. Learnability refers to the ability of the user to operate the system with a definite degree of competence after a certain amount of training. It also refers to likelihood that users who have not used the system for a period of time will be able to relearn how to operate it. Satisfaction includes a user’s feelings, perceptions, and opinion about the system. Information is usually collected through written and oral means (Rubin & Chisnell 2008). Finally, accessibility involves the capability of the system to allow persons with disabilities to perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with it. In performing usability tests, two basic principles should always be remembered: (1) a designer’s perception on the system design is different from the target audience; and (2) it is better to conduct multi ple tests with a few users rather than running a single test with a large number of users. Usability tests usually involve either getting an audience evaluation of the system or having a usability design expert perform a heuristic evaluation of the program. One drawback of heuristic evaluation is that the expert reviewer may not share the same perception as the target users or may identify errors that target users do not consider as problems. In contrast, an audience evaluation of the system is a credible representation of a real-world user’s needs and perceptions of the system... of determining the ideal number of users to comprise a usability test group, the following guidelines are recommended: (1) too few users yield inferior results since the users may not be able to identify most of the problems; and (2) too many users would increase the chance that most users would identify the same problem and reduces the chances that the users will be able to identify less obvious errors (Silver 2005). There are four types of usability tests which a developer may choose from depending on the situation: (1) exploratory; (2) assessment; (3) evaluation; and (4) comparison. Exploratory testing is usually performed in the early part of the design stage. It has to primary objectives. First, to verify of the functions selected to be used in the system are useful and appropriate for the user. Second, to determine the degree as to which the system design matches the user’s mental model of the system. A mental model is described as a user’s assumptions and expecta tions regarding how certain tasks are accomplished (Silver, 2005). One important feature of an exploratory test is the high degree of freedom a developer can attain in developing early designs of the system. By using tools such as paper screens and system prototypes with limited functionalities, the developer can collect important information and feedback from the users. This allows the developer to determine if the initial design matches user perception of the system. In addition, exploratory tests enable developers to detect serious flaws in the design before a mode concrete plan of the system is created (Rubin & Chisnell, 2008). In an exploratory test, a moderator may provide the user with screenshots of the system and ask if all the types of information or functions that the user expected to be

Defining terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Defining terrorism - Essay Example The simplest definition of terrorism is the following one: â€Å"Terrorism is the use of violence or force, or the threat of such, directed upon innocents, civilians, or noncombatants, in order to achieve political objectives† (Thackrah 2004, p. 18). There is a vivid discussion about the fact whether to justify terrorism or not. Some academicians and scientists underline that it is impossible to justify the essence of terrorism. In the very essence terrorism is unjust and illegitimate. Nevertheless, this assumption is rather emotional and it is relevant to consider this phenomenon from moral perspective. Thus, there is no moral background for the governments to sponsor terrorists, but they really do that. There is nothing more than intimidation of people in the name of reaching the goals of a group of people or the whole nation–this is the way terrorists are perceived by many states. Media positions terrorist acts as if they stem from political grievances, though the es sence of these actions can be rooted not in political concerns, but rather in religious or social issues. The US Department of Defence defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological† (Thackrah 2004, p. 32). Intimidation, fear and violence are three basic pillars of terrorism. The government’s reaction to terrorist acts has been always developed in accordance with the essence of the main goals of terrorists. For example, one of the most scaring acts of terrorism committed by the Black September Organization in October 1983, when 241 U.S. military personnel were killed and many people were wounded. In reality, the main target of their terrorist actions was the whole American nation and the Congress. The government withdrew the Marines from Beirut and this factor w as rather impressive for terrorists and they considered it to be success. First ad foremost concern for different governments should be focused on the fact that terrorists position themselves not as the servants of the Devil or evil, but they position themselves as fighters for freedom and their rights. They are interested in promoting liberating images or images, â€Å"supporting† public interests. In other words, one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter (Burkoff 2005, p.49). In accordance with modern researches and studies, definitions of terrorism are developed in different terms. Thus, Schmidt and Youngman refer to 109 different definitions of terrorism, where three equal words were present: violence, force; political; fear (Boaz). Generally speaking, terrorism is considered at international level, because the targets of terrorist attacks can be found in different countries. There is a very thin boundary between terrorism and crime. Thus, for exa mple, political motivation of terrorism cannot be denied and it is often positioned as the first and foremost underpinning for terrorist acts commitment. It can be defined as â€Å"politically motivated attacks on non-combatant targets† (Fields, 2001). The activities of terrorist organizations are often described with the use of such concepts, as â€Å"

Emancipation Proclamation and it’s Impact Essay Example for Free

Emancipation Proclamation and it’s Impact Essay The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863 as the nation approached its third year of civil war (â€Å"The Emancipation Proclamation†). This proclamation was a significant step towards the objective of ending slavery and making African Americans equal citizens of the United States. The context of the proclamation declared that â€Å"that all persons held as slaves â€Å"within the rebellious states â€Å"are, and henceforward shall be free†. The proclamation became a significant road to slavery’s final destruction and became one of the initial inspirations for human freedom. The proclamation though the intention was good has many underlying aspects to be noted. The application of the proclamation was â€Å"limited only to those parts of North America which were under the control of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America† (â€Å"Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation†). President Lincoln had no power to liberate slaves generally because such act during that time would have been unlawful or unconstitutional. He could only issue such only from his capacity as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy and as a necessary war measure (Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation†). However despite the limitations, the proclamation of liberty had tremendous effects that possibly help shaped America. Although the practical effects of the proclamation was only limited to some areas â€Å"it did serve as an important symbol that the North now intended not only to preserve the Union but also to abolish the practice of slavery† (Emancipation Proclamation Further Readings). The success of the proclamation after the Civil War motivated Lincoln to completely support the liberation of the African American black people. This paved the way for the proposal of the Republican Party 1864 that calls for the gradual abolition of slavery by constitutional amendment. The proclamation also prevented Europe from supporting the Confederacy and encouraged enlistment of black soldiers, as a result, the North America towards slavery in Civil War was defeated (The Emancipation Proclamation: The Document that Saved America). The end of Civil War definitely reunited the rebellious states of United States with the Union which also made America a very big nation and eventually powerful country. The Proclamation gave joy and hope to millions of black people who was been enslaved by the Southern United States Americans. The Civil War from 1861- 1865 between Northern Defenders of the Union and the Southern members of the Confederacy (the name for the states that had separated themselves from the United States to form their own country in a bloody conflict) changed the focus of the war from â€Å"the rights of the individual states† to freeing the slaves (â€Å"Slaverys End Brings Both Joy and Confusion†). Civil War after the Emancipation was already about freedom. When the Civil War ended, the emancipation of blacks though left the White Southerners to be bitter and angry who can not yet fully accept that the slaves’ unpaid labour will be ended. Being defeated by the Southern members of the Confederacy, Northern whites felt that it is impossible for them to rebuild their shattered life without the blacks. The multitude of negative emotions felt by them highlights and manifests the racist attitude of Northern European descent. Blacks, after the Proclamation of Emancipation and eventually after the Civil War, learned that it is not true that they came from inferior race. And that it is not true that they are simply properties and they also realized that they became a victim of slavery because of ignorance. As free and learned men, they no longer had to put up with the brutalities they experienced and endured as slaves. The end of slavery gave them the opportunity to re-establish their identity, their individuality and their society. The Proclamation also became effective social awakening about slavery and human freedom. It illustrates that human beings of different culture, sexes, religion and races are created equal. The Emancipation Proclamation brought about great changes in the American society. The awareness of black’s slavery inspired literature, arts, music and films about freedom and liberty. Affirmative action, freedom of religion and the establishment of different organizations and groups that support the black community inspired its growth. Not only did the world focuses on the United States from then on in regards to slavery but the world started to open their eyes about the different existing slaveries, example Apartheid in Africa during early 20th century. Work Cited Page: THe Emancipation Proclamation. Feartured Documents. The National Archives. U. S. National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, US http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/ Lincols Emancipation Proclamation. Fighting Salvery Today. Anti Slavery Society Boston. 2008 November 09 http://www. anti-slaverysociety. addr. com/index. htm Slaverys End Brings both Joy and Confusion. Emancipation Proclamation Summary. Boog Rags. Glam Publisher Network. http://www. bookrags. com/research/slaverys-end-brings-both-joy-and-co-rerl-01/ Emancipation Proclamation Further Readings. American Law Encyclopedia Vol 4. Law Library American Law and Legal Information. Net Industries. 2008 http://law. jrank. org/pages/6410/Emancipation-Proclamation. html The Emancipation Proclamation: THe Document that SAved America. A Journal for the Lincoln Collecter. The Rail Splitter 1998 http://www. railsplitter. com/sale10/boker. html

The Transformation of a King Essay -- Literary Analysis

Debatable is the story of Prince Hal and how he undergoes a transformation so infinite we may have difficulty comprehending the struggles he endured. Throughout the course of events in Henry IV, Part I, By William Shakespeare, first impressions of the characters are depicted and remain strong during most of the play. From the beginning of the play it is understood that Hal is an immature extrovert who sees no need for careful behaviors. Unlike his father, King Henry IV, Hal puts forth insufficient effort to prove he can hold the power that will eventually be his when he succeeds his father in the throne. Throughout the play there is controversy between the King and Hal as a direct result of Hal’s performance as a Prince. From gallivanting in the tavern, to fighting in the battle of Shrewsbury, Hal becomes the son that King Henry has been pressuring him to be all along. The father/son relationship is a significant theme in this play, alongside Prince Hal’s other relationships with important male figures such as Hotspur and Falstaff. Falstaff is one of the favorites of this play, rather obvious that he is the brunt of a multitude of jokes; somehow maintains certain poise. On the other hand, we have Hotspur, a talented and brave young man the King wishes were his son: â€Å"That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged/ In cradle-clothes our children where they lay/ And called mine â€Å"Percy,† his â€Å"Plantagenet†!/ Then would I have his Harry, and he mine† (1.1.86-89). Both Hotspur and Hal are the intended future leaders of their country, but Hal doesn’t seem to understand his role in its entirety (at least his actions haven’t proven his maturity to the likes of King Henry IV). The King would prefer Hal act in a more appropriate manner when... ...ove to his father that he has what it takes to be the next king, but in the end his father couldn’t be more pleased with Hal’s performance. Works Cited Kastan, David Scott. Introduction. King Henry IV, Part I. London: Arden, 2002. 44-51. Print. Kastan, David Scott. "The King Hath Many Marching in His Coat." 1 Henry IV. By William Shakespeare. Ed. Gordon McMullan. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2003. 330-346. Print. Khan, Coppelia. â€Å"Masculine Identifies.† 1 Henry IV. By William Shakespeare. Ed. Gordon McMullan. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2003. 330-346. Print. Reno, Raymond H. â€Å"Hotspur: The Integration of Character and Theme.† Henry the Fourth, Part I, by William Shakespeare. Ed. James L. Sanderson. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1969. 235-244. Print. Shakespeare, William. 1 Henry IV. Ed. Gordon McMullan. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2003. Print.

How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by several bacteria called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. The bacterium were discovered and named as a cause of TB in 1882 by the German Biologist Robert Koch. Tubercle bacillus is a small and extremely dangerous bacterium; it has a long life span and can survive for months in dryness and resist mild disinfectants (Stefan, 2000). TB is a contagious disease which spreads in similar way to common cold and flu viruses; the bacteria are transferred from host to host in small droplets. There are numerous types of TB, of which Pulmonary TB is one. It can be transferred when an infected person sneezes, coughs or spits and an uninfected person comes into contact with the droplets, for example in saliva (Stefan, 2000). Symptoms The symptoms of this disease are severe coughing including bloody mucus, chest pains, shortness in breathe, fever, weight loss and sweating. The secondary infection affects the immune system, bones and gut. The most common scenario when infected with TB is when a person contacts it following another disease or infection which has weakened the immune system. For example when a person has the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) their immune system is weakened; people with HIV therefore show an increased rate of TB infections. Only when you show symptoms of TB can you infect others (Ottenhoff and Kaufmann, 2012). Organ infected by tuberculosis TB is an extremely harmful disease cause by microorganisms called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. It harms many organs in the human body. It mainly affects the lung (as shown in figure 1) and that is called ‘pulmonary tuberculosis’ the initial symptom last up to 6/7 months. During this long time period the immune system fights of the disease and bacterium. After that period and the immune system resisting the disease some particles of the bacteria escapes into the bloodstream, this is then carried around the body. Usually the immune system cannot stop the bacteria and leads to being untreated. If left untreated for a long period of time then the environment in the body is perfect for the bacteria to multiple, this is extremely dangerous as the tissues of the organ for example; the tissue of the lung may become infected. When the lung is infected it results in destruction in the respiratory system. It is important this is not left unattended as it will cause permanent s carring to the tissues of organs. Diagnosis The main method of diagnosing TB is a harmless skin test. This is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid under the skin around the forearm; this is a special fluid containing a protein copied from the microorganism Tubercle bacillus. After a few days the area where the fluid was injected is visually scanned. To determine whether you have the infection the scientist will measure the diameter and hardness of skin where the injection was placed. If the area if hard and the skin appears to be raised it will mean you have a bacterial protein present in your body. The redness in the area injection is not taken in to account. With this test it is possible to get false positive, for example a negative test does not mean you do not have TB. If the test is positive a chest x-ray will be taken to assess whether the TB infection is active (see figure 1). Areas affected by tuberculosis TB was a main cause of death in the late 19th century and early 20th century. TB still occurs in humans worldwide but more concentrated in many developing countries and kills 4 out of 10 people who are infected. Figure 2 shows that over 15 years (1990 to 2005) the estimated TB incidence rate global has not changed much, with incidence in Europe slowly increasing whilst staying below the global average. In Africa however the estimated incidence has remained above the global average. Figure 2 also demonstrates that having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for being infected with TB. HIV is a condition which affects a person immune system, and so makes suffers more vulnerable disease. Therefore attempting to reduce the prevalence of HIV could also reduce the rate of TB in Africa population. This is a social problem as HIV is spread by contact with bodily fluid from a HIV suffer, therefor social education programs about safe conduct with HIV suffers could help reduce both disease and HIV. However the data (fig 2) only shows up to 2005. More recent data would be needed to see how the rates have changed from 2005-present. suffers more vulnerable disease. There is also a correllation between TB and economic condition. Hihgest incidences are seen in africa, where the gross domestic product (GDP) is low. The world health organisation (WHO) predicted that 8 million people per annum contract TB, 95% of these cases are found in developing countries. It is estimated that 3 million perople die from TB every year, which means the 4 put of 10 people infected from developing countries die each year. Immigration (process of relocation permanently to a foreign country or area) is increasing which leads to countries that usually have relatively low incidence of TB reporting an increase in the number if case per annum. TB is often referred to as a disease of poverty because it is common in developing countries. TB is transmitted in those conditions with areas that are overcrowded, have poor ventilation and a lack of nutrients in their diet. Living in an overcrowded area increases the risk of contracting TB as the airborne droplets are able spread faster; an example of this would be an overcrowded area such as a prison. Groups who have the largest chances of catching the disease are those who have close contact with infected persons over a long period of time and live in a poorly ventilated room. Figure 3 shows clearly that the continent of Africa has the highest number of TB cases in its population. There is a link between poverty and TB. This is because the population there is living in a poor lifestyle or HIV is very common. As discussed above, HIV makes a person vulnerable to TB because it weakens the immune system. Another reason for this economic link could be that hard manual workers, with lower economic status, often live on a diet with fewer nutrients, which also weakens the immune system, leaving a person more vulnerable to TB. Because this is a disease of poverty’ there are economic implications; the countries affected have no money to invest in finding treatment and research. The burden then falls on more economically developed countries. However because of the benefits being gained from this; pharmaceuticals companies invest little money into TB research. The reliability of fig 3 on the estimated of the cases varies depending on the sources. Economically developing countries have easy access to medical data, e.g. NHS in UK. However data on less economically developed countries is less reliable due to less health services. 1.2 Different types of antibiotics Isoniazoid is the drug most commonly used to treat TB, and is the most effective. Isoniazoid is bactericidal (capable of killing bacteria and viruses), non-toxic, easy to access and inexpensive. The usual dosage is 3 to 5mg/kg body mass produced in a peak concentration. The drug is effective because it travels throughout the entire body, including the cavities. The drug concentration is alike to the concentration found in the serum. Rifampin is also a bactericidal for TB. Like Isoniazoid it is non-toxic and is easy to access. It is effective as it is absorbed quickly from the stomach lining and intestines. After a few hours the serum concentration increases; when digested it absorbs into the tissues and cells. It can have very bad side affects even though the drug is a protein bound. The most common side effect is damage to the stomach lining. Other side effects include skin irritation, yellow urine, nausea and joint pain. These side effects are quite rare. TABLE!!!!! Development in treatment for TB The technology and knowledge about TB is increasing. There are number of new drugs tested, including amikacin, quinolones, rifamycin derivatives, clofazimine, and beta-lactams. They have all been tested separately but have not been tested in a multidrug regimen for treating TB. The recent increase in the occurrence of multi drug resistant TB creates an increase in the need to consider multi drug regimen as a treatment option. While all these medication have been tested none of them have been evaluated as a well designed drug. Appropriate dosage and intervals for the use of these drugs for TB has not yet be established. However WHO reported that only 1 anti-TB drug has actually come on the market in the last 28 years. This is said to be because pharmaceutical companies have lost interest in TB research because there is little or no profit associated with it (Blanc and Nun, 2000). However the source is from 2000; not up to date. New drugs for TB could have be reported after the time pe riod 2000. Vaccination There is only one vaccination for TB available and it is called bacillus calmette Guerin (BCG) (see figure 4). Scientist began testing between 1921 and 1924 on animal models which raised ethical concerns as many deemed testing on animals wrong, therefore BCG was considered a controversial drug. Throughout testing of the BCG vaccine promising results were found, and it was therefore distributed worldwide as an effective treatment for TB. Today BCG is regarded as the most widely used vaccine, and is being provided to less economically developed countries as a quick way of curing TB; this excludes people with HIV. The use of BCG vaccination faces some problems as it uses a live form of TB, the BCG is therefore not suitable for use in patients with HIV as they already have a compromised immune system, so exposing them to a live virus increases their chances of becoming infected with TB. Many vaccinations against TB are being developed. The most popular vaccine is the subunit vaccine. This vaccine is a protein obtained from the disease TB. Using a mixture of these proteins has shown good results. As it is a cellular vaccine and does not pose a risk of causing the disease. A DNA bases vaccine has been tested and has also showed promising results. The vaccine uses DNA as a system to deliver TB antigens. The DNA based vaccine does not have any problem with where the disease first originates and induces long lasting immunity. Several trails with DNA vaccination have shown protection against TB. It does this by releasing more concentrated ‘lymphocytes’ blood cells and are more effective towards the infected cells. Within the next few years, these vaccines should be available and safe for testing on human specimens. When a clinical trial is set up it is always in a lab, firstly on animals. This data is deemed reliable as it is done in a lab, but requires further human testing before data is valid for human treatment. Conclusion â€Å"We cannot win the battle against HIV/AIDs if we do not also fight TB. TB is too often a death sentence for people with HIV/AIDs† – Nelson Mandela XV international AIDs conference, Bangkok,July 2004 There is a link between developing countries and the prevalence of TB. Ways to prevent this could be to provide new-borns with a vaccine against TB; however that could bring the risk of the new-born being infected with the active disease if their immune system is weak.

Robey V. Hinners

Bo-Yuan Chen Bus 201 Brief- Robey v. Hinners Facts:Brad Robey, d/b/a as Roeby’s Pawn World, sold a used 2002 Cadillac Escalade to Hinner, a resident of Kentucky, and stated that the vehicle was â€Å"clean, better and average† and that â€Å" 1 month/1,000 mile Service Agreement†. After bought the Vehicle and found that it was not as advertised, Hinners filed a civil complaint against Robey in the Kenton Circuit Court. Robey filed an answer and also motion to dismiss on the ground of lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court denied the motion, rated Hinner’s motivation and entered a default judgment.Robey’ appeal herein followed. Issue: Whether the issue of personal jurisdiction may be raised by Robey in this appeal even though a default judgment was entered. Decision: Reverse the judgment of the Kenton Circuit Court and remand for the entry of an order dismissing Hinners's complaint. Reasoning: Hinners: Hinners argued that three of the nine pr ovisions of KRS 454. 210 authorized the extension of long-arm jurisdiction over Robey. Robey, situated in Missouri, advertised the vehicle for sale on eBay Hinners, in Kentucky, submitted the winning bidHinners traveled out-of-state to take possession of the vehicle Robey executed vehicle transfer documents to enable Hinners to obtain a Kentucky registration and title for the vehicle Robey, in his eBay listing and in oral statements to Hinners, misrepresented the condition of the vehicle The vehicle came to Kentucky covered by Robey's warranty, the one month/1000 mile â€Å"service agreement. † Robey: In Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz case, the U. S. supreme held that formation of a contraction with a nonresident was not, standing along, sufficient to create jurisdiction.Placing the vehicle for auction on eBay did not alone create personal jurisdiction over Robey in Kentucky. Accepting the Application for Kentucky Certificate of Title/Registration did not create personal juri sdiction. The fact that Hinners took the vehicle to Kentucky and determined there that it was not as advertised did not create personal jurisdiction There was no evidence that Robey used eBay through which to sell automobiles on any occasion other than this one. The language in the eBay listing referring to a â€Å"1 month/1,000 mile Service Agreement† also did not create jurisdiction.

Free Essays on Business And Managment

leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower e... Free Essays on Business And Managment Free Essays on Business And Managment Management and Leadership Paper Within the organizational structure of most businesses you will likely find management and leadership coexisting. Commonly, the words are often substituted for on another. However, each word has a distinctly different definition. A manager does not necessarily make a good manager. Management is defined as those individuals in an organization that have the authority and the responsibility to manage the organization through the control of production processes and ensuring that they operate efficiently and effectively. Leadership is defined as the skills and ability to set future goals in accordance with the organizational goals and to communicate those goals to other employees in such a way that they voluntarily and harmoniously work together to accomplish those goals for the benefit of the organization. In this paper I will differentiate between management and leadership? Any organization needs to be managed, even a one-person company has to be managed. A manager has four key responsibilities: 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) leading, and 4) controlling. Management can also be defined as the function that determines how the organization’s human, financial, physical, informational, and technical resources are arranged and coordinated to perform tasks towards achievement of strategic goals. Leadership implies that the manager has fundamental knowledge about critical processes. A leader is focused on ensuring the creation of strategies, systems, and methods for achieving excellence and building knowledge and capabilities. Leaders are focused more on creating an enthusiastic work environment for all of a company’s employees. In other words leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower e...

How Many Atoms There Are in the Human Body

How Many Atoms There Are in the Human Body Have you ever wondered how many atoms are in the human body? Heres the calculation and answer to the question. Short Answer There are approximately 7 x 1027 atoms in the average human body. This is the estimate for a 70 kg adult human male. Generally, a smaller person would contain fewer atoms; a larger person would contain more atoms. Atoms in the Body On average, 87 percent of the atoms in the body are hydrogen or oxygen. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen together account for 99 percent of the atoms in a person. There are 41 chemical elements found in most people. The exact number of atoms of the trace elements varies widely according to age, diet, and environmental factors. Some of these elements are needed for chemical processes in the body, but others (e.g., lead, uranium, radium) have no known function or are toxic contaminants. Low levels of these elements are a natural part of the environment and typically do not cause health problems. In addition to the elements listed in the table, additional trace elements may be found in some individuals. Reference: Freitas, Robert A., Jr., Nanomedicine, foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html, 2006. Atomic Composition of a Lean 70-kg Man Element # of Atoms hydrogen 4.22 x 1027 oxygen 1.61 x 1027 carbon 8.03 x 1026 nitrogen 3.9 x 1025 calcium 1.6 x 1025 phosphorus 9.6 x 1024 sulfur 2.6 x 1024 sodium 2.5 x 1024 potassium 2.2 x 1024 chlorine 1.6 x 1024 magnesium 4.7 x 1023 silicon 3.9 x 1023 fluorine 8.3 x 1022 iron 4.5 x 1022 zinc 2.1 x 1022 rubidium 2.2 x 1021 strontium 2.2 x 1021 bromine 2 x 1021 aluminum 1 x 1021 copper 7 x 1020 lead 3 x 1020 cadmium 3 x 1020 boron 2 x 1020 manganese 1 x 1020 nickel 1 x 1020 lithium 1 x 1020 barium 8 x 1019 iodine 5 x 1019 tin 4 x 1019 gold 2 x 1019 zirconium 2 x 1019 cobalt 2 x 1019 cesium 7 x 1018 mercury 6 x 1018 arsenic 6 x 1018 chromium 6 x 1018 molybdenum 3 x 1018 selenium 3 x 1018 beryllium 3 x 1018 vanadium 8 x 1017 uranium 2 x 1017 radium 8 x 1010

Leadership and legacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and legacy - Research Paper Example mmarized in three slogans – â€Å"a â€Å"Harmonious Society† domestically and a â€Å"Peaceful Development† internationally, the former generated by a â€Å"Scientific Development Perspective,† which seeks integrated sets of solutions to arrays of economic, environmental and social problems, and recognizes, in inner circles, a need for political reform (though studied, cautious and controlled)† (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.) He is known to be a transformational visionary since he initiated critical changes in the way the Chinese government is run. The openness to foreign relationships in terms of trade is one of the proofs. Since his leadership, China has also been influential in terms of international trade. As a transformational and visionary leader, he was so determined to achieve what he desired and this led to the laying off of some very senior government officials most of whom protested against his leadership style (Chu 2004). His leadership style was unique in that he first considered the areas that were earlier neglected like the poor areas in the country. In this, his aim was to reduce the inequality that existed between the GDP and the Welfare Second policies. It was also a way of equalizing the society through new policies that he would use to bring the expected change. He was determined to have a clear picture of those areas first and then work out a way of developing them. This is the reason why his style was transformational and visionary. He had a vision for his country and was determined to achieve what he desired and what he felt was the best for his people (Kahn 2005). He put the interest of others before his own and that’s why he spent most of his time assisting the poor and learning more about the poor parts of the country. He focused more on the poor parts of the country and not on the areas that had prospered economically (Lam 2006). Hu was known to be a very supportive leader. He shows supports to every Chinese citizen through his moral